The Pregnancy Occurs The Chance Of Successful...

and that pregnancy occurs. The chance of successful implantation after IVF and PGD decreases in women who are over 35, this is due to the egg being more mature and the body producing fewer eggs and a decrease in hormones which are needed in order to sustain the pregnancy. In some cases not enough eggs are produced or fertilised in the process of IVF which could lead to some embryos not surviving the PGD procedure. Another disadvantage which is rare but there is still a possibility of it happening is that all eggs collected for IVF all are tested as embryos and all are affected by an inherited genetic disorder or disease. This is a disadvantage because it means that after the whole process and cost of the IVF and PGD treatment it means that all embryos will possibly be discarded which would result in no pregnancy and would lead to a waste of money, the IVF procedures and the implications on the body. PGD is not entirely accurate and although it has a 96% success rate there can a lways be technical problems in the screening process and therefore PGD helps reduce the risk of conceiving a child with a genetic disorder however it can not completely eliminate the risk. PGD technology at the moment can not screen for the possibility of multiple abnormalities instead it can only screen for and identify the presence or absence of a specific genetic disorder. There are many differing opinions on whether PGD is a ethical issue and many people have different beliefs andShow MoreRelatedPGD Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is PGD? The demand for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) involves people that have genetic or chromosomal disorder, either personally or in their genetic makeup, who desire a healthy baby that doesn’t acquire the genetic or chromosomal disorder for example; Cystic Fibrosis and Huntington’s Disease. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis with assistants from IVF meets this demand. PGD is a reproductive option for those who do not want to pass on specific genetic disorders or chromosome imbalanceRead MoreThe Risk Of An Ectopic Pregnancy1958 Words   |  8 Pagesbiological implication because the risk of having a miscarriage with PGD or IVF is the same risk for someone who conceived their child naturally, however there is a lot more for the PGD mother to lose compared to the naturally conceived mother, for example PGD costs a lot of money where as natural conception doesn’t. The risk of an ectopic pregnancy is a biological implication because it can lead to a miscarriage. Ectopic pregnancy is when the fertilised egg stays in the fallopian tube, and in rareRead MoreIvf And Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis2484 Words   |  10 PagesThe use of IVF and Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis In many cases natural conception, where the sperm from the male meets the matured female egg fails to work – the female does not get pregnant. Often after multiple failed attempts In-virto (IVF) is a viable option in order for a successful pregnancy to take place. The process of IVF involves an egg or multiple eggs from the woman’s ovaries and then fertilised by their male partners sperm in a laboratory. The fertilised egg, which should now haveRead MoreGenetic Diagnosis ( Pgd )1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthe PGD process. They look at PGD as an option to ensure that they produce a healthy offspring or to ensure a better chance of producing a healthy offspring. This is the main reason why there is the need for PGD. People who have tried In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) and failed are also likely to try/demand PGD. Other possibe candidates for PGD are people with chromosomal disorders, women age 35 and over and women expericning reoccuring pregnancy lose. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) isRead MorePdg Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesdemand for PGD involves people that have genetic or chromosomal disorder, either personally or in their genetic makeup, who desire a healthy baby that doesn’t acquire the genetic or chromosomal disorder for example; Cystic Fibrosis and Huntington Disease. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis with assistants from IVF meets this demand. PGD is a reproductive option for those who do not want to pass on specific genetic disorders or chromosome imbalance to their offspring. After undergoing IVF, embryologist’sRead MorePgd : Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis2264 Words   |  10 PagesPGD – Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis. IVF is known as in vitro fertilisation. This procedure is done by removing an egg from a female, and a sperm cell from the male and combining the egg and sperm in a test tube. These two then form together and create a zygote, which then begins separating into and forming an embryo . Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD). It is known as the pre testing of pre-implanted embryos for genetic disorders. This operation has been put into place for couples whoseRead MoreThe Implantation Genetic Diagnosis ( Pgd ) Using Vitro Fertilization2661 Words   |  11 PagesPre- implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) using In Vitro fertilization is one of the many solutions for families to conceive children who cannot do so naturally. The term â€Å"In Vitro† is Latin, meaning â€Å"out of the body† (In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Definition). The process begins with a woman taking fertility drugs in order to increase her egg count. The woman plays a physically and emotionally demanding role. She must take powerful hormones for ten days to produce multiple eggs. Every day duringRead MoreUse Of Ivf And Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis ( Pgd )1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of IVF and Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) 1. Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis, or PGD, is a procedure that people can go through to avoid passing down inheritable conditions that can have dangerous long-term effects on their children. It involves screening the mother’s embryos by In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) for mutations, and selecting healthy embryos for further treatment. This can ‘increase the chance of a genetically normal pregnancy and the chance of having a healthy babyRead MorePgd Can Increase A Couples Chance Of Conceiving Via Ivf1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe demand for PGD is constantly increasing with the global pre-implantation genetic diagnosis market estimated to be worth USD 31.9 million in 2011 and is expected to reach USD 47.4 million in 2018. North America dominates the global demand for PGD, and is expected to account for over 30% of the global market followed by Europe at 28% in 2018. Approximately 40 to 60% of New Zealanders will encounter a disease with some form of genetic component wi thin their lifetime and genetic technologies haveRead MoreGenetic Analysis : Genetic Diagnosis2461 Words   |  10 Pagesuterus. PGD can happen in relation with in vitro fertilization (IVF) right after the embryo is created so that it is ensured the right preparation and procedure is done. PGD is used to prevent diseases and disorders being passed on to the child. PGD can test for diseases such as, Cystic Fibrosis, Downs Syndrome and many more. PGD is used so that parents to be can ensure that their child is going to have the best possible life by trying to eliminate or identify life altering diseases. PGD is something

Compare And Contrast Elizabeth Proctor In The Crucible

â€Å"Whatever you do, it is a good man who does it.† This quote was said by Elizabeth Proctor, a character in The Crucible. Here Elizabeth is saying that her husband is a good man which shows that she has finally forgiven him for the affair he had earlier in the play. Elizabeth Proctor is a good Christian woman who is very honest. She is married to John Proctor but keeps a cold house ever since John had the affair with Abigail Williams. Elizabeth is accused of witchcraft when Abigail is stabbed in the stomach and they then find a poppet with a needle in it belonging to Elizabeth. I consider myself to have similar characteristics with Elizabeth Proctor because we are both caring, forgiving, and honest. Elizabeth and I display caring as a†¦show more content†¦I refused to talk and do anything with him. I did not want to be around him much anymore. Even though I am still not happy with what has happened I have realized that my dad is my dad still and I have to forgive h im for the sins he has committed. In August my one aunt on my moms side of the family sent me a text basically saying that I was a disrespectful daughter and a bad christian which obviously is not true. I have done my best to forgive her now even though it is difficult. Lastly Elizabeth and I both have the trait of honesty in common. Throughout the play of The Crucible Elizabeth is known for never telling a lie. She is known to be a good christian woman who follows the ten commandments seriously. In act three when the court thought she was lying about being pregnant since she did not seem to be pregnant by the doctors examination. As John told the court Elizabeth was telling the truth as she did become pregnant. Like Elizabeth I am also honest but I am honest with my feelings. When I was going through hard times at home I was able to be very open with how I was feeling. I am also honest with my friends. In February my one friend Rhiannon was being sort of self centered with herself. I was able to confront her about it nicely about how it was making me feel and she was understanding about it. Since we both have the similar traits of caring, forgiving, and honesty I consider myself to have common characteristics with Elizabeth Proctor. Due to theShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible And The Handmaids Tale Analysis1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn the books The Crucible by Arthur Miller and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood truth is large concept. Throughout the books truth is used to define the perception and the reality through key symbols that go above and beyond an object. In The Crucible The Bible plays an immense part in shaping characters characteristics, also in The Handmaid’s Tale it shapes one of the main motifs of the story. Throughout the two books, flowers are a meaningful symbol which is compared to a real relationshipRead MoreThe Paradoxical Nature of Belonging Depicted in Arthur Millers The Crucible1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn Arthur Miller ’s The Crucible, we are positioned to see belonging as paradoxical, in that the positive, human quality of belonging inevitably carries with it the negative and dangerous corollary of exclusion. By belonging, we are automatically excluding others and excluding ourselves from other groups. The Crucible achieves this complex presentation of belonging through a variety of interconnected techniques which will be explored in this essay. These techniques may be categorized into four mainRead MoreArthur Miller, The Crucible- Explain how tension is created in Arthur Millers The Crucible1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Crucible there is a lot of tension that builds gradually throughout the play. Tension is a very important factor in The Crucible and Arthur Miller uses a lot of different techniques to create and illustrate it. The tension repeatedly rises, and then falls. This could be displayed in a graph. The graph would start with small peaks, and as the tension escalates the peaks would gradually become higher. Note every peak would be higher than the previous to show a gradual build of tension throughoutRead MoreCompare And Contrast Young Goodman Brown And Abigail Williams1435 Words   |  6 Pagesyou ever tried to compare and contrast two different stories? In this case, Nathaniel Hawthorne, the author of short story Young Goodman Brown, and the play called The Crucible, wrote these two stories as if they were meant to be compared and contrasted. Whether it is Young Goodman Brown himself, or Abigail Williams from The Crucible, there are many similarities, along with differences between them. Along with comparing characters of these stories, we can also compare and contrast the two main themesRead MoreComparing The Crucible and Salem Witch Trials Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pages The purpose of my paper is to compare and contrast Arthur Miller’s The Crucible with the actual witch trials that took place in Salem in the 17th Century. Although many of the characters and events in the play were non-fictional, many details were changed by the playwright to add intrigue to the story. While there isn’t one specific cause or event that led to the Salem witch trials, it was a combination of events and factors that contributed to the birth and growth of the trials. Some of theseRead MoreI’m Not a Witch†¦ or a Communist! I Plead the 5th! Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesdestruction of many good Christian people and their families. Arthur Miller, who was arrested during the McCarthy era, wrote The Crucible, a play about the 1692 Salem witch trials, to expose the absurdities of McCarthy’s â€Å"witch hunt†. One of the most obvious similarities between the two time periods is McCarthy’s counterpart Abigail Williams, the infamous antagonist from The Crucible. In February 1950, McCarthy stated to the public that he held â€Å"A list of 205 that were made known to the Secretary of StateRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1899 Words   |  8 Pageslistening to this advice, spreading bits of untruths as harmless as white lies to the more severe, like in the case of the Salem Witch Trials or the McCarthy trials during the Red Scare. Arthur Miller delved deeply into this topic in his famous play, The Crucible, in which he compared the Salem Witch Trials to the McCarthy trials as a comment on the self-preserving, rash, and gullible nature of human beings, in order to open the audience’s eyes to the error of their ways. He wanted them to see the negativeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1900 Words   |  8 Pageslistening to this advice, spreading bits of untruths as harmless as white lies to the more severe, like in the case of the Salem Witch Trials or the McCarthy trials during the Red Scare. Arthur Miller delved deeply into this topic in his famous play, The Crucible, in which he compared the Salem Witch Trials to the McCarthy trials as a comment on the self-preserving, rash, and gullible nature of human beings in order to open the audience’s eyes to the error of their ways. He wanted them to see the negativeRead MoreIntroduction : How ve He Do That?10829 Words   |  44 Pagesto get â€Å"straightened up† because of their mistakes, but instead they’re practically forced to dig holes all day just to obtain their mediocre rations. Chapter 4 -- If It’s Square, It’s a Sonnet Sonnet #1: Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare. Shall I compare thee to a summer s day? (A) Thou art more lovely and more temperate: (B) Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, (A) And summer s lease hath all too short a date: (B) Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, (C) And often is his gold complexionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTulane University Alan Jackson, Peru State College Christine Jackson, Purdue University Marsha Jackson, Bowie State University Kathryn Jacobson, Arizona State University Paul Jacques, Western Carolina University David Jalajas, Long Island University Elizabeth Jamison, Radford University Stephen Jenner, California State University, Dominguez Hills John Jermier, University of South Florida Jack Johnson, Consumnes River College Michael Johnson, University of Washington David Jones, South University Ray Jones

Describing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Free Essays

1. In two to three paragraphs, describe the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and why it is important to the accounting profession. (15 points) Sarbanes-Oxley Act was created in order to ensure that controls were implemented and monitored by the regulating authority. We will write a custom essay sample on Describing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now Congress wanted to make sure that there was a specific standard and guideline for companies to follow in order to prevent fraud at such a large scale. When followed correctly there are controls set in place that are internal which are governed by the managers and checked upon by the Federal regulatory authorities. This act was passed in 2002, prior to then the rules were more relaxed and when the crisis occurred with Enron that was a breaking point for the American people, especially those who lost a lot of money. Needless to say this just made it harder for fraud to occur. There were and still are several grey areas that the players involved exploit. 2. Name and briefly describe the five components of COSO’s internal control framework. (10 points) The five components of COSO are as follows: a. Control Environment: Basically means that the leaders of the organization set the tone for ethics and enforce them with a code of conduct followed by consequences when not abided by. b. Risk assessment: this just means they check there controls for weaknesses regularly and fix any discrepancies with stronger controls. c. Control activities: These are segregation of duties, account reconciliations, and info processing controls. They are considered internal controls as well that protect the processes in place. d. Information and communication: The internal and external reporting process. The text book stated that it includes technology assessments as well. 3. Describe the relationship between the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and COSO. (10 points) COSO is used to check in on the organizations and offer guidelines for them to follow when setting upo their controls. If all five elements are followed then they will not have much to worry about when auditing occurs and fraud would be less likely. 4. Tom Jackson is a CPA who really likes to go to Las Vegas, play poker, and bet on football games. Tom knows that the accounting profession disapproves of gambling, but because he spends a lot of time studying sports facts and how to win at poker, he feels that he is simply making educated decisions based on facts. He says that this is no different from using accounting information to buy stocks. Use the fraud triangle as a basis to comment on Tom’s gambling activities. (15 points) In this case Tom has all of the elements in place to commit fraud. He has the opportunity because of the nature of his business. He has already decided that gambling excessively is ok because it is a calculated risk. Not realizing he is putting himself in a position where the pressure will come into place when he does lose. Debt is always looked at when being evaluated for sensitive positions that deal with national security or money involvement. Even if it is just a public trust clearance that the person is seeking on order to get the position they still will review your credit history at a minimum. How to cite Describing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Papers

Food Microbiology for Cheese and E coli - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theFood Microbiology for Cheese and E coliContamination. Answer: Microbiology of E coli E coli is a gram positive facultative anaerobic bacteria, which is found in the lower intestine of living organisms. E coli have certain serotypes which causes serious harm in the hosts and is responsible for food poisoning. E coli contamination has been associated to products produces in large scale and has led to food recalls due to the contamination already caused, (Vogit Dippold, 2005). Normally there are strains of E Coli which are harmless, they are referred to as normal flora and produce vitamin k2 in their hosts, (Haudault et al, 2001), and is essential in preventing colonization process in the intestines. The genesis of E Coli is from faecal matter and is expelled from the environment whereby it causes contamination. The bacteria nourishes well in faecal matter for a period of 3 days, (Russell Javis, 2001). Thus E coli is attributed to many disease which include cholecystisis, bacteraemia, urinary tract infections among other diseases. Clinical presentation of E Coli E coli being a gram negative anaerobic makes ATP and at the same time switch to fermentation in the absence of oxygen. They exist in the intestines of humans and animals. Harmful E Coli are often pathogenic and can cause illness through causing diarrhoea or illness outside the intestinal path. Diarrhoea causing E coli can be transmitted in water or food or through contact with animals or people. The Shiga toxin producing E Coli or Verocytotoxin producing E Coli is the most common heard type of infection and has been associated with food borne outbreaks. The toxin referred to shiga causes damages the intestines linings. The bad strain identified as O157:H7 can make people very sick. It is associated with abdominal; pains, cramps and blood in the diarrheal flow. At times it is responsible for acute kidney failure among children. Further it is associated with bleeding, confusion, seizures or bleeding. Cheese and E coli contamination Raw milk has been found to contain various germs such as the bacteria, viruses and paracistes.raw milk has not yet undergone pasteurization that is heated to specific temperature for set amount of time in order to destroy harmful germs. Thus raw milk is unpasteurized and can contain harmful germs which include campylobacteria, E Coli, Listeria and Slamonnela, (Mathews et al., 2006). Thus cheese can cause E Coli due to the raw product of which is milk which is not pasteurized. Thus cheese from unpasteurized milk cause the E coli contamination if the bacteria strains are present in the milk, thus is a risk factor for shiga toxins, (Lejeune et al.,2001). Critical control points of cheese production include raw milk obtained from the animals. The six steps in cheese production include acidification, coagulation, curd and whey, salting, shaping and ripening. The critical steps which can bring contamination include acidification and coagulation steps. Primary and Secondary infections of E Coli E coli can be contaminated in other substances like water. Contact with water from a person who has E Coli could affect and have an impact on infection. Further these individuals could have had contact from one another especially from infected individuals, (Williams et al, 2005). Primary infections of E Coli include intake of untreated milk that is if one consume unpasteurized milk, intake of fruits and vegetables washed using contaminated water, consumption of her foods and beverages which might be contaminated. Secondary infection can entail drinking water which is contaminated, contact from infected persons or contact from animals already contaminated with the bacteria. Other indirect sources include the use of chopping board that has uncooked meant and contact with raw foods like salad. E Coli O157 PT21/28 E Coli O157 is common name which means shared by cattle and it is the main reservoir of human causing infections. The PT refers to Phage type 21/28 as a subtype of E coli. The PT refers to the cases upon diagnosis and classification which refers to 21 cases in 28 disease. It is used to describe the disease further and give a more elaborate meaning. Identification of E Coli O157, is arrived at using the latex reagents which include O157 antibody coated latex and control latex. The isolation process being undertaken in O157 agglutination is identified through biochemical means of confirmation, (Kruger et al., 2006). Lab confirmation and determination has to utilise with patients who present diarrhoea. The stool specimens include whole, stool, swabs. With this approach specimens should be taken immediately, (Lindstedt et al., 2004). MLVA profiling of O157 Multi locus variable number tandem repat analysis is an established technique, which is established under the sub typing and getting the genetic diversity of STEC. It is an established technique to sub type E Coli O157, MLVA is a PCR based sub type method that is used to discriminate the strains of different of bacteria based on the tandems, (LLucchesi et al., 2006). The modern molecular bacterial sequencing has been utilised under polymorophic molecular markets such as the Varibelk Number Tandem Repeats or the MLVA in a rapid and specific way to discriminate on the different serotype using the PCR Amplification tool, (Murphy et al., 2008). Linking evidence The cheese being made in Astone market could be linked to E Colli infection, as it was observed to be common in the production process. The results obtained shows that E coli bacteria could have potential systemic infection and contaminate the final products. This evidence can be supported with the fact that cheese is produced from raw milk which could be a direct linked for E Colli contamination. Thus is supported with the 26 cases of same strain being identified among patients. Reference Hudault, S., Guignot, J., Servin, A. L. (2001). Escherichia coli strains colonising the gastrointestinal tract protect germfree mice againstSalmonella typhimuriuminfection. Gut, 49(1), 47-55. Krger, A., Padola, N. L., Parma, A. E., Lucchesi, P. M. (2006). Intraserotype diversity among Argentinian verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Journal of medical microbiology, 55(5), 545-549. LeJeune, J. T., Besser, T. E., Hancock, D. D. (2001). Cattle Water Troughs as Reservoirs ofEscherichia coli O157. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(7), 3053-3057. Lindstedt B.A., Vardund T., L., Kapperud G. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis of Escherichia coli O157 using PCR multiplexing and multicolored capillary electrophoresis. J Microbiol Methods. 2004;58:213222. Lucchesi, P. M., Krger, A., Parma, A. E. (2006). Distribution of saa gene variants in verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from cattle and food. Research in microbiology, 157(3), 263-266. Matthews, L., Low, J. C., Gally, D. L., Pearce, M. C., Mellor, D. J., Heesterbeek, J. A. P., ... Gunn, G. J. (2006). Heterogeneous shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and its implications for control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(3), 547-552. Murphy, M., Minihan, D., Buckley, J. F., O'Mahony, M., Whyte, P., Fanning, S. (2008). Multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of Irish verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from feedlot cattle: uncovering strain dissemination routes. BMC veterinary research, 4(1), 2. Russell, J. B., Jarvis, G. N. (2001). Practical mechanisms for interrupting the oral-fecal lifecycle of Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3(2), 265-272.. Vogt, R. L., Dippold, L. (2005). Escherichia coli O157: H7 outbreak associated with consumption of ground beef, JuneJuly 2002. Public health reports, 120(2), 174-178. Williams, A. P., Avery, L. M., Killham, K., Jones, D. L. (2005). Persistence of Escherichia coli O157 on farm surfaces under different environmental conditions. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98(5), 1075-1083.